Java try-with-resouce原理及Scala实现

背景

众所周知，所有被打开的系统资源，比如流、文件或者Socket连接等，都需要被开发者手动关闭，否则随着程序的不断运行，资源泄露将会累积成重大的生产事故。

在JDK7之前，只能通过 try-finally 手动判空并且手动关闭资源。JDK7之后，Java多了个新的语法：try-with-resources语句，对所有实现 java.lang.AutoCloseable 都可以自动关闭。极大的简化了代码。

术词表

简写	全拼	中文释义
ARM/arm	Automatic Resource Management	自动资源管理
Java	Java	默认代表 Java 8
Scala	Scala	默认代表 Scala 2.13

使用

Java

基于 Java8
多个声明使用分号隔开，代码块终止时，无论是正常还是异常，将按照此顺序自动调用对象的 close 方法。注意，资源的 close 方法与他们创建相反的顺序调用。

// 单资源
static String readFirstLineFromFile(String path) throws IOException {
    try (BufferedReader br =
                   new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path))) {
        return br.readLine();
    }
}
// 多资源
try (
     java.util.zip.ZipFile zf =
        new java.util.zip.ZipFile(zipFileName);
     java.io.BufferedWriter writer =
        java.nio.file.Files.newBufferedWriter(outputFilePath, charset)
 ) {
     // Enumerate each entry
     for (java.util.Enumeration entries =
         zf.entries(); entries.hasMoreElements(); ) {
        // Get the entry name and write it to the output file
        String newLine = System.getProperty("line.separator");
        String zipEntryName =
             ((java.util.zip.ZipEntry) entries.nextElement()).getName() +
                     newLine;
            writer.write(zipEntryName, 0, zipEntryName.length());
    }
}

Scala

需要 Scala 2.13，旧版 Scala 无 scala.util.{Try, Using}
虽然 Scala 和 Java 写法不太一样，但是多个资源关闭的规律相同，即：资源的 close 方法与他们创建相反的顺序调用。

import java.io.{BufferedReader, FileReader}
import scala.util.{Try, Using}
// 单资源, 如果文件不存在异常会被抑制, 返回的是一个 Try[A] 类型的对象
val lines: Try[Seq[String]] =
  Using(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file.txt"))) { reader =>
    Iterator.continually(reader.readLine()).takeWhile(_ != null).toSeq
}
// 单资源，抛出所有异常
val lines: Seq[String] =
   Using.resource(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file.txt"))) { reader =>
     Iterator.continually(reader.readLine()).takeWhile(_ != null).toSeq
   }
// 多资源
val lines: Try[Seq[String]] = Using.Manager { use =>
   val r1 = use(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file1.txt")))
   val r2 = use(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file2.txt")))
   val r3 = use(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file3.txt")))
   val r4 = use(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file4.txt")))

   // use your resources here
   def lines(reader: BufferedReader): Iterator[String] =
     Iterator.continually(reader.readLine()).takeWhile(_ != null)

   (lines(r1) ++ lines(r2) ++ lines(r3) ++ lines(r4)).toList
 }

异常抑制机制

Scala

==Suppression Behavior==
 
 If two exceptions are thrown (e.g., by an operation and closing a resource),
 one of them is re-thrown, and the other is
 [[java.lang.Throwable#addSuppressed added to it as a suppressed exception]].
 If the two exceptions are of different 'severities' (see below), the one of a higher
 severity is re-thrown, and the one of a lower severity is added to it as a suppressed
 exception. If the two exceptions are of the same severity, the one thrown first is
 re-thrown, and the one thrown second is added to it as a suppressed exception.
 If an exception is a [[scala.util.control.ControlThrowable `ControlThrowable`]], or
 if it does not support suppression (see
 [[java.lang.Throwable `Throwable`'s constructor with an `enableSuppression` parameter]]),
 an exception that would have been suppressed is instead discarded.
 
 Exceptions are ranked from highest to lowest severity as follows:
   - `java.lang.VirtualMachineError`
   - `java.lang.LinkageError`
   - `java.lang.InterruptedException` and `java.lang.ThreadDeath`
   - [[scala.util.control.NonFatal fatal exceptions]], excluding `scala.util.control.ControlThrowable`
   - `scala.util.control.ControlThrowable`
   - all other exceptions
 
 When more than two exceptions are thrown, the first two are combined and
 re-thrown as described above, and each successive exception thrown is combined
 as it is thrown.

以上是 Using 的 Scala doc, 简单翻译如下

如果有两个异常被抛出，最后只会有一个异常被重新抛出，另外的异常将会通过 java.lang.Throwable#addSuppressed 被作为一个抑制异常添加到重新抛出的异常里面。
如果异常不是属于同一严重性级别，严重性更高的异常将被抛出，严重性较低的作为抑制异常。
如果异常属于同一严重性级别，按先来先抛出来决定抛出哪个异常。如果一个异常不支持被抑制，则将会被忽略（具体看 java.lang.Throwable `Throwable` 构造函数里面的 `enableSuppression` 参数）

异常严重性，从高到低排列如下：
   - `java.lang.VirtualMachineError`
   - `java.lang.LinkageError`
   - `java.lang.InterruptedException`、`java.lang.ThreadDeath`
   - [[scala.util.control.NonFatal fatal exceptions]], 不包括 `scala.util.control.ControlThrowable`
   - `scala.util.control.ControlThrowable`
   - 其他异常
多个异常合并时，按FIFO两两处理，然后抛出最后合并过的异常。

Java

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/technotes/guides/language/try-with-resources.html

如果 readLine 和 close 同时抛出异常，那么 finally 块里面的异常将会被抛出，其他异常将会被抑制

/*
However, in this example, if the methods readLine and close both throw exceptions,
then the method readFirstLineFromFileWithFinallyBlock throws the exception thrown
from the finally block; the exception thrown from the try block is suppressed.
*/
static String readFirstLineFromFileWithFinallyBlock(String path) throws IOException {
  BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path));
  try {
    return br.readLine();
  } finally {
    if (br != null) br.close();
  }
}

如果 try 和 try-with-res 块都抛出异常，那么 try 里面的异常将会被抛出，其他异常将会被抑制

/*
In contrast, in the example readFirstLineFromFile, if exceptions are thrown from
both the try block and the try-with-resources statement, then the method
readFirstLineFromFile throws the exception thrown from the try block; the exception
thrown from the try-with-resources block is suppressed. In Java SE 7 and later,
you can retrieve suppressed exceptions; see the section Suppressed Exceptions
for more information.
*/
static String readFirstLineFromFile(String path) throws IOException {
  try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path))) {
    return br.readLine();
  }
}
// decompile
static String readFirstLineFromFile(String path) throws IOException {
    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader(path));
    Throwable var2 = null;
    String var3;
    try {
        var3 = br.readLine();
    } catch (Throwable var12) {
        var2 = var12;
        throw var12;
    } finally {
        if (br != null) {
            if (var2 != null) {
                try {
                    br.close();
                } catch (Throwable var11) {
                    var2.addSuppressed(var11);
                }
            } else {
                br.close();
            }
        }
    }
    return var3;
}

任何和 try-with-res 关联的代码块都有可能抛出异常。以 writeToFileZipFileContents 为例，try 里面可以抛出一个异常，在关闭 ZipFile 和 BufferedWriter 时最多可以抛出两个异常。如果有多个异常同时抛出，try 代码块里面的为最终抛出的异常，try-with-res 的异常将会被抑制。

/**
 * An exception can be thrown from the block of code associated with the try-with-resources statement. In the
 * example writeToFileZipFileContents, an exception can be thrown from the try block, and up to two exceptions
 * can be thrown from the try-with-resources statement when it tries to close the ZipFile and BufferedWriter objects.
 * 

 * If an exception is thrown from the try block and one or more exceptions are thrown from the try-with-resources
 * statement, then those exceptions thrown from the try-with-resources statement are suppressed, and the exception
 * thrown by the block is the one that is thrown by the writeToFileZipFileContents method. You can retrieve these
 * suppressed exceptions by calling the Throwable.getSuppressed method from the exception thrown by the try block.
 */
public static void writeToFileZipFileContents(String zipFileName, String outputFileName) throws java.io.IOException {
    java.nio.charset.Charset charset = java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.US_ASCII;
    java.nio.file.Path outputFilePath = java.nio.file.Paths.get(outputFileName);
    // Open zip file and create output file with try-with-resources statement
    try (java.util.zip.ZipFile zf = new java.util.zip.ZipFile(zipFileName); java.io.BufferedWriter writer = java.nio.file.Files.newBufferedWriter(outputFilePath, charset)) {
        // Enumerate each entry
        for (java.util.Enumeration entries = zf.entries(); entries.hasMoreElements(); ) {
            // Get the entry name and write it to the output file
            String newLine = System.getProperty("line.separator");
            String zipEntryName = ((java.util.zip.ZipEntry) entries.nextElement()).getName() + newLine;
            writer.write(zipEntryName, 0, zipEntryName.length());
        }
    }
}
// decompile
public static void writeToFileZipFileContents(String zipFileName, String outputFileName) throws IOException {
    Charset charset = StandardCharsets.US_ASCII;
    Path outputFilePath = Paths.get(outputFileName);
    ZipFile zf = new ZipFile(zipFileName);
    Throwable var5 = null;
    try {
        BufferedWriter writer = Files.newBufferedWriter(outputFilePath, charset);
        Throwable var7 = null;
        try {
            Enumeration entries = zf.entries();
            while(entries.hasMoreElements()) {
                String newLine = System.getProperty("line.separator");
                String zipEntryName = ((ZipEntry)entries.nextElement()).getName() + newLine;
                writer.write(zipEntryName, 0, zipEntryName.length());
            }
        } catch (Throwable var32) {
            var7 = var32;
            throw var32;
        } finally {
            if (writer != null) {
                if (var7 != null) {
                    try {
                        writer.close();
                    } catch (Throwable var31) {
                        var7.addSuppressed(var31);
                    }
                } else {
                    writer.close();
                }
            }
        }
    } catch (Throwable var34) {
        var5 = var34;
        throw var34;
    } finally {
        if (zf != null) {
            if (var5 != null) {
                try {
                    zf.close();
                } catch (Throwable var30) {
                    var5.addSuppressed(var30);
                }
            } else {
                zf.close();
            }
        }
    }
}

抑制后的异常会输出什么？

Exception exception = new Exception("Top Level Exception");
exception.printStackTrace();
System.out.println(exception);
System.out.println(exception.getMessage());
System.out.println("????");
System.err.println("????");
exception.addSuppressed(new Exception("suppress"));
exception.printStackTrace();
System.out.println(exception);
System.out.println(exception.getMessage());
/**
 * 我们正常使用 printStackTrace() 的时候默认是输出到System.err中去的，而普通的输出都是放入System.out,
 * 这两者都是对上层封装的输出流，在默认情况下两者是指向Console的文本流。所以两者可能会出现同步问题。
 * 可以在printStackTrace()的时候指定输出流为System.out,通过回避System.err来实现Console中文本流的顺序问题。
 */
exception.printStackTrace(System.out);

/* output

java.lang.Exception: Top Level Exception
at ExceptionT.main(ExceptionT.java:7)
java.lang.Exception: Top Level Exception
at ExceptionT.main(ExceptionT.java:7)
Suppressed: java.lang.Exception: suppress
at ExceptionT.main(ExceptionT.java:12)
java.lang.Exception: Top Level Exception
Top Level Exception
????
java.lang.Exception: Top Level Exception
Top Level Exception
java.lang.Exception: Top Level Exception
at ExceptionT.main(ExceptionT.java:7)
Suppressed: java.lang.Exception: suppress
at ExceptionT.main(ExceptionT.java:12)
*/

Scala 2.11 实现 try-with-res

Scala 2.12 和 2.11 差别不大, 实现上是一样的

通过前面的了解，我们已经初步熟悉了 try-with-res 的语法和机制，初步实现一下 Scala Using1
需要注意的点
多异常处理
单个资源关闭
多个资源关闭
Scalaify ？

import java.io.{FileInputStream, FileReader}

import scala.util.control.NonFatal

/**
 * 对单个资源进行管理
 */
object UsingUtils {
  /**
   * Inspire by java try-with-res decode code and Scala 2.13 Using.apply
   */
  def withResourcesNoException[T <: AutoCloseable, V](r: => T)(f: T => V): V = {
    try {
      withResources[T,V](r)(f)
    }catch {
      case e:Throwable =>
        e.printStackTrace()
        null.asInstanceOf[V]
    }
  }
  def withResources[T <: AutoCloseable, V](r: => T)(f: T => V): V = {
    val resource: T = r
    require(resource != null, "resource is null")
    var exception: Throwable = null
    try {
      f(resource)
    } catch {
      case NonFatal(e) =>
        exception = e
        throw e
    } finally {
      closeAndAddSuppressed(exception, resource)
    }
  }

  private def closeAndAddSuppressed(e: Throwable,
                                    resource: AutoCloseable): Unit = {
    if (e != null) {
      try {
        resource.close()
      } catch {
        case NonFatal(suppressed) =>
          e.addSuppressed(suppressed)
      }
    } else {
      resource.close()
    }
  }

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
    // 若文件不存在，会直接报错
    UsingUtils.withResources(new FileReader("/tmp/1"))(s => println(s.ready()))
    UsingUtils.withResourcesNoException(new FileReader("/tmp/2"))(s => println(s.ready()))
    UsingUtils.withResources(new FileReader("/tmp/2"))(s => println(s.ready()))
    UsingUtils.withResources(null: FileInputStream)(s => println(s.available()))
  }
}

import java.io.{BufferedReader, FileReader}

import scala.util.control.{ControlThrowable, NonFatal}

/**
 * 对多个资源进行管理
 * @date 2022/02/09
 * @note [[Using.Manager.apply]] is not same as Scala 2.13
 */
object Using {

  /** A resource manager.
   *
   * Resources can be registered with the manager by calling [[acquire `acquire`]];
   * such resources will be released in reverse order of their acquisition
   * when the manager is closed, regardless of any exceptions thrown
   * during use.
   *
   * $suppressionBehavior
   *
   * @note It is recommended for API designers to require an implicit `Manager`
   *       for the creation of custom resources, and to call `acquire` during those
   *       resources' construction. Doing so guarantees that the resource ''must'' be
   *       automatically managed, and makes it impossible to forget to do so.
   *
   *
   *       Example:
   * {{{
   *       class SafeFileReader(file: File)(implicit manager: Using.Manager)
   *         extends BufferedReader(new FileReader(file)) {
   *
   *         def this(fileName: String)(implicit manager: Using.Manager) = this(new File(fileName))
   *
   *         manager.acquire(this)
   *       }
   * }}}
   */
  final class Manager private {

    import Manager._

    private var closed = false
    private[this] var resources: List[Resource[_]] = Nil

    /** Registers the specified resource with this manager, so that
     * the resource is released when the manager is closed, and then
     * returns the (unmodified) resource.
     */
    def apply[R: Releasable](resource: R): R = {
      acquire(resource)
      resource
    }

    /** Registers the specified resource with this manager, so that
     * the resource is released when the manager is closed.
     */
    def acquire[R: Releasable](resource: R): Unit = {
      if (resource == null) throw new NullPointerException("null resource")
      if (closed) throw new IllegalStateException("Manager has already been closed")
      resources = new Resource(resource) :: resources
    }

    private def manage[A](op: Manager => A): A = {
      var toThrow: Throwable = null
      try {
        op(this)
      } catch {
        case t: Throwable =>
          toThrow = t
          null.asInstanceOf[A] // compiler doesn't know `finally` will throw
      } finally {
        closed = true
        var rs: List[Resource[_]] = resources
        resources = null // allow GC, in case something is holding a reference to `this`
        while (rs.nonEmpty) {
          val resource: Resource[_] = rs.head
          rs = rs.tail
          try resource.release()
          catch {
            case t: Throwable =>
              if (toThrow == null) toThrow = t
              else toThrow = preferentiallySuppress(toThrow, t)
          }
        }
        if (toThrow != null) throw toThrow
      }
    }
  }

  object Manager {
    /** Performs an operation using a `Manager`, then closes the `Manager`,
     * releasing its resources (in reverse order of acquisition).
     *
     * Example:
     * {{{
     * val lines = Using.Manager { use =>
     *   use(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file.txt"))).lines()
     * }
     * }}}
     *
     * If using resources which require an implicit `Manager` as a parameter,
     * this method should be invoked with an `implicit` modifier before the function
     * parameter:
     *
     * Example:
     * {{{
     * val lines = Using.Manager { implicit use =>
     *   new SafeFileReader("file.txt").lines()
     * }
     * }}}
     *
     * See the main doc for [[Using `Using`]] for full details of suppression behavior.
     *
     * @param op the operation to perform using the manager
     * @tparam A the return type of the operation
     *
     * @return a [[Try]] containing an exception if one or more were thrown,
     *         or the result of the operation if no exceptions were thrown
     */
    def apply[A](op: Manager => A): A = try {
      (new Manager).manage(op)
    } catch {
      case e: Throwable =>
        e.printStackTrace()
        null.asInstanceOf[A]
    }

    private final class Resource[R](resource: R)(implicit releasable: Releasable[R]) {
      def release(): Unit = releasable.release(resource)
    }

    private def preferentiallySuppress(primary: Throwable, secondary: Throwable): Throwable = {
      def score(t: Throwable): Int = t match {
        case _: VirtualMachineError => 4
        case _: LinkageError => 3
        case _: InterruptedException | _: ThreadDeath => 2
        case _: ControlThrowable => 0
        case e if !NonFatal(e) => 1 // in case this method gets out of sync with NonFatal
        case _ => -1
      }

      @inline def suppress(t: Throwable, suppressed: Throwable): Throwable = {
        t.addSuppressed(suppressed);
        t
      }

      if (score(secondary) > score(primary)) suppress(secondary, primary)
      else suppress(primary, secondary)
    }
  }

  /** A type class describing how to release a particular type of resource.
   *
   * A resource is anything which needs to be released, closed, or otherwise cleaned up
   * in some way after it is finished being used, and for which waiting for the object's
   * garbage collection to be cleaned up would be unacceptable. For example, an instance of
   * [[java.io.OutputStream]] would be considered a resource, because it is important to close
   * the stream after it is finished being used.
   *
   * An instance of `Releasable` is needed in order to automatically manage a resource
   * with [[Using `Using`]]. An implicit instance is provided for all types extending
   * [[java.lang.AutoCloseable]].
   *
   * @tparam R the type of the resource
   */
  trait Releasable[-R] {
    /** Releases the specified resource. */
    def release(resource: R): Unit
  }

  object Releasable {
    /** An implicit `Releasable` for [[java.lang.AutoCloseable `AutoCloseable`s]]. */
    implicit object AutoCloseableIsReleasable extends Releasable[AutoCloseable] {
      def release(resource: AutoCloseable): Unit = resource.close()
    }
  }

  def main(args: Array[String]): Unit = {
    val lines: List[String] = Using.Manager.apply { use =>
      val r1 = use(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("/tmp/file1.txt")))
      val r2 = use(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("/tmp/file2.txt")))
      val r3 = use(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("/tmp/file3.txt")))
      val r4 = use(new BufferedReader(new FileReader("/tmp/file4.txt")))

      // use your resources here
      def lines(reader: BufferedReader): Iterator[String] =
        Iterator.continually(reader.readLine()).takeWhile(_ != null)

      (lines(r1) ++ lines(r2) ++ lines(r3) ++ lines(r4)).toList
    }
    println(lines)
  }
}

开源实现

https://github.com/pathikrit/better-files/
https://github.com/jsuereth/scala-arm/

名称	https://github.com/jsuereth/scala-arm	https://github.com/pathikrit/better-files
链接	https://github.com/jsuereth/scala-arm/	https://github.com/pathikrit/better-files
数据采集时间	2022.2.10	2022.2.10
Star	553	1400+
Commits	194	978
Last Commit	2020.10.26	2021.4.24
Total Issues	41	197
Total PR	76	348
Supports	ARM	ARM, I/O, Resource APIs, Streams, File Monitoring…

scala-arm

Only a simple example

import resource._
// Copy input into output.
for {
  input <- managed(new java.io.FileInputStream("test.txt"))
  output <- managed(new java.io.FileOutputStream("test2.txt"))
} {
  val buffer = new Array[Byte](512)
  def read(): Unit = input.read(buffer) match {
    case -1 => ()
    case  n =>
      output.write(buffer,0,n)
      read()
  }
  read()
}

Better Files

Simple I/O
Resource APIs
Streams
Encodings
Java serialization utils
Java compatibility
Globbing
File system operations
Checksums
Temporary files
UNIX DSL
File attributes
File comparison
Zip/GZip
Automatic Resource Management
Scanner
File Monitoring
Reactive File Watcher

Q

既然你都看到这里了, 那我留个问题吧:

比如带 AutoClose 的文件资源，我可以仅调用但不进行 close 操作吗？它会自动关闭吗？

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Java try-with-resouce原理及Scala实现

背景

术词表

使用

Java

Scala

异常抑制机制

Scala

Java

抑制后的异常会输出什么？

Scala 2.11 实现 try-with-res

开源实现

scala-arm

Better Files

Q